Magulu Amafakitale Amapereka Mpikisano Wopikisana kwa Opanga Kugaya aku China

Kulamulira kwa China pakupanga chipika chosinthira kugaya ndi kupanga chipika chopukutira cha ceramic si nkhani yotsika mtengo wantchito kapena mafakitale akulu. Ubwino wampikisano wadziko lino umachokera kumagulu amakampani omwe amapangira zinthu zopangira, opanga zida, opereka chithandizo chapadera, ndi opanga katundu womalizidwa amagwira ntchito moyandikana. Kuchuluka kwa malowa kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zobalalika sizingafanane.

Zambiri zamakampani zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri-eyiti pa 100 aliwonse a China omwe amasintha komanso amapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu awiri oyambira: chigawo cha Pearl River Delta chomwe chili m'chigawo cha Guangdong ndi chigawo chapakati cha China chomwe chili m'chigawo cha Henan. Maguluwa amakhala ndi mabizinesi okhudzana ndi masauzande ambiri, ndikupanga chilengedwe komwe chidziwitso chimayenda mwachangu, luso lapadera limakula, ndipo unyolo woperekera zinthu umagwira ntchito mosasunthika pang'ono.

Guangdong Cluster: Export-Oriented and Technology-Driven

Gulu la Guangdong, lokhazikika ku Foshan, Dongguan, ndi Guangzhou, limagwira ntchito zotumiza-zopanga zongotengera{1}}maboloko ogaya okwera kwambiri komanso midadada yopukutira. Derali limapindula ndi kuyandikira madoko akuluakulu, zomangamanga zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso talente yakuzama pakupanga ndi malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.

Foshan, yemwe amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati likulu lamakampani opanga matayala a ceramic ku China, amakhala ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri laopanga zida zopukutira za ceramic. Otsatsawa ali pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera kwa makasitomala awo oyambirira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapakatikati pa chitukuko cha malonda ndi kukonzanso khalidwe. Opanga ma block block ku Foshan amatha kupereka zitsanzo kwa opanga matayala pasanathe maola angapo ndikusintha masinthidwe mkati mwa masiku.

Gulu la Guangdong limapindulanso ndi opanga zida zapamwamba omwe ali mdera lomwelo. Opanga atolankhani, omanga ng'anjo, ndi ogulitsa makina ali pafupi, akuwongolera zida mwachangu, kusinthidwa, ndi kukulitsa chithandizo. Pamene wopanga chipika chopukutira akufunika kusinthidwa kwa makina osindikizira, womanga zida akhoza kukhala pamalowo tsiku lomwelo.

Kupezeka kwazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi kudzera pamadoko a Shenzhen, Guangzhou, ndi Hong Kong kumapatsa opanga ma Guangdong zabwino zotumizira. Zolemba zotumiza kunja, chilolezo cha kasitomu, ndi ntchito zotumizira katundu ndizokhazikika m'derali. Kupezeka kwa makontena kumakhala kwabwinoko nthawi zonse kuposa malo akumtunda. Ubwino wa mayendedwe awa umatanthauzira kukhala nthawi yocheperako komanso mtengo wotsika wotumizira.

Henan Cluster: Raw Material Proximity and Scale

Gulu la Henan, lomwe limayang'ana ku Zhengzhou, Jiaozuo, ndi Luohe, limagwira ntchito-zopanga midadada yogayika komanso yapakati-maboloko opukutira a ceramic. Gululi limapindula ndi kuyandikira kwa magwero a zinthu zopangira, kutsika mtengo wogwirira ntchito, ndi malo ambiri opezeka kuti akulitse fakitale.

Henan ndiwopanga kwambiri silicon carbide, njere yoyamba yonyezimira ya midadada yosinthika yogaya. Kuyandikira malo opangira silicon carbide kumachepetsa ndalama zoyendera komanso kumathandizira kuyankha mwachangu pakufunika kusintha. Otsatsa ma resin ndi opanga zinthu zochirikizira apezanso malo m'derali, ndikupanga njira zogulitsira zam'deralo.

Zotsika mtengo zogwirira ntchito komanso zofunikira zimapatsa opanga Henan mtengo wamtengo wapatali pazogulitsa wamba. Malo a fakitale amawononga ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa ku Guangdong ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mtengo wamagetsi ndiwotsikanso pamakina akulu ofunikira popanga chipika chopukutira cha ceramic.

Sikelo imasiyanitsa gulu la Henan. Malo opangira zinthu amakhala okulirapo kuposa ku Guangdong, mafakitole ena amapitilira mamilimita 1000. Sikeloyi imathandizira kuti{2}}zipange zotsika mtengo{3}}zotsika mtengo.

Ubwino wa Ecosystem

Kupitilira pazida zopangira ndi kukonza, magulu am'mafakitale amatulutsa zopindulitsa pazachilengedwe zomwe mafakitale pawokha sangathe kutengera.

Ma subcontractors apadera amapereka ntchito zomwe opanga pawokha angaone kuti sizotsika mtengo kuti azipanga mkati. Opanga zitsulo za Ceramic polishing block amagwiritsa ntchito opangira ng'anjo apadera omwe amasuntha pakati pa mafakitale. Opanga ma flex grinding block blocks amagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri opanga utomoni omwe amakhazikika m'magulu. Makampani okonza makina amapereka ntchito mwachangu kumafakitale angapo.

Zambiri zaukadaulo zimayenda kudzera pamaneti osakhazikika. Fakitale ina ikamakonza zopanga zinthu bwino, mafakitale amene akuchita nawo mpikisano amaphunzira za zimenezi pakangotha ​​milungu ingapo osati miyezi. Kufalikira kwachanguku kumathandizira kuti makampani azipita patsogolo-ponseponse. Opanga magulu aku China amapeza kusintha kwabwino mwachangu kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo m'maiko ena.

Kupanga talente ndikudzilimbitsa-. Ogwira ntchito m'maguluwa amakhala ndi luso lapadera kudzera m'machitidwe opangira. Ndalama zophunzitsira ndizotsika chifukwa ogwira ntchito amafika ndi chidziwitso choyenera. Kulemba anthu ntchito ndikosavuta chifukwa malo ogwirira ntchito amakhala ndi anthu odziwa ntchito. Mainjiniya omwe ali m'maguluwa amakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera chosinthika komanso kupanga phula za ceramic zomwe sizipezeka kwina.

Maubale a ogulitsa amapindula ndi kuyandikira kwa malo. Opanga ma block block amagwira ntchito ndi ogulitsa utomoni omwe amamvetsetsa zofunikira zawo chifukwa adagwirizana kwa zaka zambiri. Opanga ma ceramic block amatulutsa dongo ndi ma frits kuchokera kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi zida zopangira ma bondi awo. Maubwenzi apamtima awa amathandizira kuwongolera kwatsatanetsatane komwe kumalepheretsa mtunda.

Kupirira Chain Chain

Magulu am'mafakitale amapereka mphamvu zolimba zomwe zobalalika zimasowa. Mafakitole amodzi akakumana ndi kusokonekera kwa zinthu, ogulitsa ena apafupi amatha kudzaza mipata mwachangu. Kugawidwa kwazinthu zogwirira ntchito kumatanthauza kuti kusokonekera kwa mayendedwe kumakhudzanso mafakitale onse, koma kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumathandizira kukonzanso njira ndikusamutsanso mwachangu.

Munthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, magulu aabrasive aku China adawonetsa kulimba mtima kwawo. Ngakhale kuti mafakitale akumayiko ena adayimitsidwa, opanga magulu amagulu adasungabe kupanga pogawana zinthu. Anthu ogwira ntchito pafakitale ina atawatsekera kwaokha, mafakitale oyandikana nawo anasamutsa antchito. Pamene mizere yogulitsira idasokonekera, ogulitsa magulu adapeza njira zina zakumaloko.

Inventory management imapindula ndi kusanja kwamagulu. Ogulitsa zinthu zakuthupi amasunga katundu m'magulu chifukwa amatumikira makasitomala angapo. Kugawana uku kumachepetsa zofunikira zosungirako wopanga payekha ndikuwonetsetsa kupezeka kwazinthu. Zogulitsa zomaliza zotumizidwa kunja zimakhazikika pafupi ndi madoko ku Guangdong, zomwe zimathandizira kutumiza mwachangu kwa makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi.

Innovation Infrastructure

Magulu amapanga zida zatsopano zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera kosalekeza. Mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ofufuza omwe ali pafupi ndi maguluwa amachita kafukufuku wazinthu zogwirizana ndi kupanga phula. Mabungwe amakampani amapereka maphunziro, chitukuko cha miyezo, komanso chidziwitso chamsika. Malo oyesera amatsimikizira-zigawo zachitatu zaubwino.

Kusintha kwaukadaulo kumachitika kudzera munjira zingapo. Ogula akunja omwe amayendera mafakitale amagulu amabweretsa chidziwitso cha miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zofunikira zomwe zikubwera. Mafakitole aku China omwe amatumizira ogulawa amasintha njira zawo zopangira moyenera. Kutumiza kunja kumathandizira kusintha kwabwino m'magulu onse pomwe kuphunzira kumafalikira kuchokera kwa omwe adatengera koyambirira kupita kumakampani ambiri.

Opanga zida m'magulu amapanga makina apadera opangira chipika chopukutira potengera zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito. Zipangizozi ndizoyenera kusinthika komanso kupanga midadada ya ceramic kuposa makina ena onse-ochokera kumadera ena. Opanga ma Cluster ali ndi mwayi woyamba wa zida zatsopano ndipo amatha kupereka ndemanga kuti apitilize kukonza.

Zotsatira Zampikisano

Magulu a maguluwa ali ndi mpikisano wofunikira pamakampani a abrasive padziko lonse lapansi.

Ubwino wamitengo kuchokera kumagulu ndizovuta kubwereza kwina. Malo, ntchito, ndi mayendedwe m'maiko ena sizingafanane ndi kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu aku China. Opanga omwe akuyesera kupikisana kuchokera kumagulu akunja amakumana ndi zokwera mtengo pagawo lililonse.

Kuwongolera kwabwino m'magulu kumachitika mwachangu kuposa momwe zimabalalitsidwa. Kufalikira kwachangu kwa machitidwe abwino kumatanthauza kuti opanga aku China amawongolera bwino kwambiri zomwe opikisana nawo omwe sangafanane nawo. Kusiyana kwabwino pakati pa magulu aku China ndi omwe akupikisana nawo kumachepa pakapita nthawi.

Magulu atsopano ku China sali okhazikika. Opanga amawongolera mosalekeza zida, kukonza makina abwino, ndikupanga zatsopano. Kusinthasintha kwamagulu komweko komwe kunapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lotsika-lotsika mtengo tsopano limapangitsa kuti anthu azikwera{3}}zamtengo wapatali.

Mavuto ndi Kusintha

Magulu aku China amakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimafunikira kusintha kosalekeza. Kukwera mtengo kwa ogwira ntchito kumakhudza opanga onse koma kumatha kuchepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Kuphatikizika kwa luso lantchito kumathandiza koma sikungathetse kufunikira kowonjezera malipiro.

Malamulo a chilengedwe okhudza kupanga magulu awonjezeka. Opanga ku Guangdong ndi Henan adayika ndalama zawo pakuwongolera mpweya, kuthira madzi oyipa, komanso kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kuti azitsatira. Opanga ang'onoang'ono omwe sangakwanitse kupeza ndalama kuti atsatire malamulowo atuluka mumsika, zomwe zikungopanga makampani akuluakulu, -ochita bwino.

Mpikisano wochokera ku malo omwe akutukuka kumene ku India ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ulipo koma ulibe zabwino zonse za China. Kupanga kwamwazikana m'maiko ena sikungafanane ndi phindu lazachilengedwe lamagulu aku China. Komabe, opanga omwe amalingalira ubwino wamagulu ndi chiwopsezo chokhazikika.

Zokhudza Wogula

Ogula kumayiko ena a midadada yosinthika komanso yopukutira ya ceramic ayenera kumvetsetsa zamagulu amagulu posankha ogulitsa.

Otsatsa m'magulu nthawi zambiri amapereka kusasinthika kwabwinoko kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo okha chifukwa chopeza ukatswiri ndi zida zapadera. Kudalirika kwazinthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokulirapo m'magulu momwe njira zina zilipo pazowonjezera zilizonse.

Mitengo yochokera kwa opanga magulu ophatikizira amawonetsa mphamvu zamagulu koma zimasiyananso ndi malo. Mitengo ya Guangdong pazinthu zoyambira zimawonetsa kukwera mtengo komanso milingo yabwino. Mitengo ya Henan yazinthu zokhazikika ikuwonetsa mtengo wotsika komanso masikelo opangira.

Kukhazikika kwa Cluster kuyenera kuganiziridwa pakuwunika kwa chiwopsezo cha chain chain. Ngakhale magulu amathandizira kugawana zinthu, kukhazikika kwa malo kumatanthauzanso kuti kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika komwe kumakhudza ogulitsa angapo nthawi imodzi. Ogula akuyenera kuwunika momwe akugawira omwe amawapatsira katundu wawo ndikuganizira oyenerera omwe amawapereka m'magulu osiyanasiyana ngati kuli kotheka.

Mawonekedwe: Cluster Evolution

Magulu aku China osinthika komanso opaka utoto apitiliza kusinthika m'miyezi makumi awiri-inayi mpaka makumi atatu-kumiyezi isanu ndi umodzi ikubwerayi. Makinawa amachepetsa kudalira kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo ophatikizika asakhale ovuta kwambiri pamitengo. Komabe, zabwino zamagulu azachilengedwe azipitilirabe bola ngati ogulitsa apadera, malo osungira talente, ndi zomangamanga zatsopano zizikhalabe zokhazikika.

Kukonzanso kwa chilengedwe kudzapitirira, ndi zofunikira zotsatiridwa bwino zomwe zikufulumizitsa kugwirizanitsa pakati pa opanga ang'onoang'ono. Chiwerengero cha opanga pagulu lililonse chikhoza kutsika pomwe mphamvu zonse zopangira zimakwera kudzera pakukulitsa fakitale.

Kugwirizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi kudzakula pomwe opanga magulu ambiri adzalandira ziphaso zapadziko lonse lapansi ndikupanga ubale ndi ogula akunja. Magulu aku China azikhala ngati malo operekera zinthu padziko lonse lapansi a premium flexible ndi ma ceramic polishing blocks, osati zotsika mtengo-zogwira ntchito zogulira zinthu zonse.

Mapeto

Magulu a mafakitale amapatsa opanga ku China osinthika komanso opukutira a ceramic mwayi wampikisano womwe sungathe kutsatiridwa ndi kupanga komwazikana m'maiko ena. Kuyandikira kwa zida zopangira, ogulitsa apadera, opanga zida, ndi zotumiza kunja kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ukadaulo woyezedwa mtengo ndi liwiro. Ubwino wa chilengedwe cha talente yokhazikika, kufalikira kwachidziwitso mwachangu, ndi zomangamanga zatsopano zimathandizira kuwongolera bwino.

Kwa ogula apadziko lonse lapansi, kumvetsetsa zamagulu aku China kumathandizira zisankho. Otsatsa ma Cluster amapereka kusasinthika kwabwino komanso kudalirika kopereka zomwe omwe akupikisana nawo pawokha sangafanane. Komabe, ogula akuyenera kuwunika omwe akugulitsa m'magulu momwe angathere m'malo mongoganiza kuti opanga magulu onse ndi ofanana.

Pomwe msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ukupitilizabe kusinthika, magulu amakampani aku China akadali maziko ampikisano. Magulu omwe adapanga phindu lamtengo wapatali tsopano akuyendetsa kuwongolera kwabwino komanso luso. Kusinthaku kupangitsa China kukhala pachimake pakupanga zosinthika komanso zopukutira za ceramic m'tsogolomu.